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<title>Lock bumping</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lock bumping</span></span>

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<p><b>Lock bumping</b> is a <a href="Lock_picking" title="Lock picking">lock picking</a> technique for opening a <a href="Pin_tumbler_lock" title="Pin tumbler lock">pin tumbler lock</a> using a specially crafted <b>bump key</b>, <b>rapping key</b> or <b>999 key</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pulford2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulford2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bump key must correspond to the target lock in order to function correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>A US <a href="Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> first appears in 1928 by H. R. Simpson called a rapping key.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, locksmiths in Denmark shared a technique for knocking on a lock cylinder while applying slight pressure to the back of the lock plug. When the pins would jump inside of the cylinder, the plug would be able to slide out freely, thus enabling the locksmith to disassemble the lock quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-Engadget_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engadget-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of a bump key was not introduced until some time later and was first recognized as a potential security problem around 2002–2003 by Klaus Noch, who brought it to the attention of the German media.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After further examination of the procedure, a <a href="White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a> was drafted in 2005 by Barry Wels & <a href="Rop_Gonggrijp" title="Rop Gonggrijp">Rop Gonggrijp</a> of <a href="The_Open_Organization_Of_Lockpickers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Open Organization Of Lockpickers">The Open Organization Of Lockpickers</a> (TOOOL) detailing the method and its applicability.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A patent exists for a lock device following the same principle as the bump key from 1926–1928.

</p><p><a href="Marc_Tobias" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Tobias">Marc Tobias</a>, an American security expert, began to talk publicly in the United States about the technique and its potential security threats. In 2006, he released two further white papers regarding the technique and its potential legal ramifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Engadget_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engadget-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h2></div>

<p>A <a href="Pin_tumbler_lock" title="Pin tumbler lock">pin tumbler lock</a> is composed of a series of spring-loaded stacks called <i>pin stacks</i>. Each pin stack is composed of two pins that are stacked on top of each other: the <i>key pin</i>, which touches the key when it is inserted, and the <i>driver pin</i>, which is spring driven. When the different length key pins are aligned at their tops by the insertion of the correspondingly cut key at their bases, the tops of the key pins and, consequently, the bases of the driver pins, form a shear line, so that the cylinder can be turned, rotating the key pins away from the driver pins. When no key or the wrong key is in the lock, pin misalignment prevents the cylinder from turning.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To bump a lock, a person inserts a bump key into the key way one notch (pin) short of full insertion, then bumps the key inward to push it deeper into the key way. The specially designed teeth of the bump key transmit a slight impact to all of the key pins in the lock. The key pins transmit this force to the driver pins; the key pins stay in place.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the same physical phenomenon seen in the desktop toy <a href="Newton's_cradle" title="Newton's cradle">Newton's cradle</a>. Because the pin movements are highly <a href="Elastic_collision" title="Elastic collision">elastic</a>, the driver pins "jump" from the key pins for a fraction of a second, moving above the cylinder (shear line of the tumbler), then are pushed back by the spring. With no other forces applied, the driver pins would come back to rest against the key pins once again, but the person applies a light rotational force to the key during the process, and this causes the cylinder to turn during the short time that the driver pins are above the shear line, thus opening the lock. Lock bumping takes only an instant to open the lock. The lock is not visibly damaged, although the force of the bump can leave an indentation on the front of the cylinder. Certain clicking and vibrating tools designed for bumping can also be used. These allow for rapid repetition of bumping. Though some locks have advertised "bump proof" features, only a rare few key-pin locks cannot be bumped.

</p><p>A different tool with a similar principle of operation is a <a href="Snap_gun" title="Snap gun">pick gun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_by_criminals">Use by criminals</h2></div>

<p>Lock bumping is a trend in <a href="Burglary" title="Burglary">burglaries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the technique can make it easy and fast to break into homes without needing too much special equipment or leaving any trace of forced entry. It works almost as well as having a key,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lock_Bumping_and_Bump_Keys_video_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lock_Bumping_and_Bump_Keys_video-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a set of ten rapping keys can make the criminals capable of opening 90% of common tumbler locks.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h2></div>

<p>High-quality locks may be more vulnerable to bumping unless they employ specific countermeasures. More precise manufacturing tolerances within the cylinder make bumping easier because the mechanical tolerances of the lock are smaller, which means there is less loss of force in other directions and mostly pins move more freely and smoothly. Locks made of <a href="Hardened_steel" title="Hardened steel">hardened steel</a> are more vulnerable because they are less prone to damage during the bumping process that might cause a cheaper lock to jam.

</p><p>In the United Kingdom, a British standard TS007 Kitemark has been legislated which benchmarks the effectiveness of bumping at 1-star level and 3-star level.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former implies a minimum bump time of 1 minute while the latter offers much greater protection at a minimum bump time of 10 minutes.

</p><p>Security pins (e.g. spool or mushroom pins)—even when combined with a regular tumbler mechanism—generally make bumping somewhat more difficult but not impossible.

</p><p>Because a bump key must only have the same blank profile as the lock it is made to open, restricted or registered key profiles are not any safer from bumping. While the correct key blanks cannot be obtained legally without permission or registration with relevant locksmith associations, regular keys can be filed down to act as bump keys.

</p><p>Trap pins that engage when a pin does not support them will jam a lock's cylinder.

</p><p>Another countermeasure is <i>shallow drilling</i>, in which one or more of the pin stacks is drilled slightly shallower than the others. If an attempt is made on a lock that has shallow-drilled pin stacks, the bump key will be unable to bump the shallow-drilled pins because they are too high for the bump key to engage.

</p><p>Locks that only use programmable side bars and not top pins are bump-proof. <a href="BiLock" title="BiLock">BiLock</a> is an example of this technology. Many bump-resistant locks are available which cannot be easily opened through the lock bumping method.

</p><p><a href="Time_lock" title="Time lock">Time locks</a>, <a href="Combination_lock" title="Combination lock">combination locks</a>, <a href="Electronic_lock" title="Electronic lock">electronic locks</a>, <a href="Electromagnetic_lock" title="Electromagnetic lock">electromagnetic locks</a>, and locks using rotating disks, such as <a href="Disc_tumbler_lock" title="Disc tumbler lock">disc tumbler locks</a>, are inherently invulnerable to this attack, since their mechanism does not contain springs. However, some electronic locks feature a key backup that is susceptible to bumping. <a href="Warded_lock" title="Warded lock">Warded locks</a> are not vulnerable to bumping, but they are vulnerable to a similar attack called a <a href="Skeleton_key" title="Skeleton key">skeleton key</a>, which is also a filed-down key.

</p><p>Changing the spring tension can help reduce bumping. A few sources inside the industry offer stronger top springs for conventional pinned locks. Changing one or two top springs to a firmer spring changes the ricochet tuning of the top pins, making it hard to bump.

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<ul><li><a href="Lock_picking" title="Lock picking">Lock picking</a></li>

<li><a href="Pin_tumbler_lock" title="Pin tumbler lock">Pin tumbler lock</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Pulford2007" class="citation book cs1">Graham Pulford (October 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7m41LA8WsvUC&pg=PA76"><i>High-Security Mechanical Locks: An Encyclopedic Reference</i></a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 76–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-08-055586-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Locks,_locksmithing,_lock_picking,_and_security_alarms721" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Lock_and_key" title="Lock and key">Locks</a>, <a href="Locksmithing" title="Locksmithing">locksmithing</a>, <a href="Lock_picking" title="Lock picking">lock picking</a>, and <a href="Security_alarm" title="Security alarm">security alarms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Access_control" title="Access control">Access control</a></li>

<li><a href="Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_control" title="Key control">Key control</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_duplication" title="Key duplication">Key duplication</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_relevance" title="Key relevance">Key relevance</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_keying" title="Master keying">Master keying</a></li>

<li><a href="Password" title="Password">Password</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_security" title="Physical security">Physical security</a></li>

<li><a href="Rekeying" title="Rekeying">Rekeying</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lock hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bitting_(key)" title="Bitting (key)">Bitting</a></li>

<li><a href="Interchangeable_core" title="Interchangeable core">Interchangeable core</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_blank" title="Key blank">Key blank</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_retainer" title="Key retainer">Key retainer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockrod" title="Lockrod">Lockrod</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockset" title="Lockset">Lockset</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bored_cylindrical_lock" title="Bored cylindrical lock">Bored cylindrical lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortise_lock" title="Mortise lock">Mortise lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-point_locking" title="Single-point locking">Single-point locking</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-point_locking" title="Three-point locking">Three-point locking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Berlin_key" title="Berlin key">Berlin key</a></li>

<li><a href="Keychain" title="Keychain">Keychain</a></li>

<li><a href="Skeleton_key" title="Skeleton key">Skeleton key</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_key" title="Smart key">Smart key</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical locks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Warded_lock" title="Warded lock">Warded lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Pin_tumbler_lock" title="Pin tumbler lock">Pin tumbler lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Disc_tumbler_lock" title="Disc tumbler lock">Disc tumbler lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Lever_tumbler_lock" title="Lever tumbler lock">Lever tumbler lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_keyed_lock" title="Magnetic keyed lock">Magnetic keyed lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Padlock" title="Padlock">Padlock</a></li>

<li><a href="Combination_lock" title="Combination lock">Combination lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_combination_lock" title="Rotary combination lock">Rotary combination lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Time-delay_combination_locks" title="Time-delay combination locks">Time-delay combination locks</a></li>

<li><a href="Tubular_pin_tumbler_lock" title="Tubular pin tumbler lock">Tubular pin tumbler lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Wafer_tumbler_lock" title="Wafer tumbler lock">Wafer tumbler lock</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronic locks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electromagnetic_lock" title="Electromagnetic lock">Electromagnetic lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_lock" title="Electronic lock">Electronic lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_strike" title="Electric strike">Electric strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Keycard_lock" title="Keycard lock">Keycard lock</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lock types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bicycle_lock" title="Bicycle lock">Bicycle lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Bramah_lock" title="Bramah lock">Bramah lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Chubb_detector_lock" title="Chubb detector lock">Chubb detector lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_safety_lock" title="Child safety lock">Child safety lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Kensington_Security_Slot" title="Kensington Security Slot">Kensington Security Slot</a></li>

<li><a href="Latch" title="Latch">Latch</a></li>

<li><a href="Luggage_lock" title="Luggage lock">Luggage lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_door_locks" title="Power door locks">Power door locks</a></li>

<li><a href="Protector_lock" title="Protector lock">Protector lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-estate_lock_box" title="Real-estate lock box">Real-estate lock box</a></li>

<li><a href="Steering-wheel_lock" title="Steering-wheel lock">Steering-wheel lock</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lock_picking" title="Lock picking">Lock picking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Locksport" title="Locksport">Locksport</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Door" title="Door">Door hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Door_chain" title="Door chain">Door chain</a></li>

<li><a href="Door_closer" title="Door closer">Door closer</a></li>

<li><a href="Door_frame" title="Door frame">Door frame</a></li>

<li><a href="Door_furniture" title="Door furniture">Door furniture</a></li>

<li><a href="Door_security" title="Door security">Door security</a></li>

<li><a href="Doorknob" class="mw-redirect" title="Doorknob">Doorknob</a></li>

<li><a href="Doorstop" title="Doorstop">Doorstop</a></li>

<li><a href="Hinge" title="Hinge">Hinge</a></li>

<li><a href="Night_latch" title="Night latch">Night latch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emergency access/exit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crash_bar" title="Crash bar">Crash bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromagnetic_door_holder" title="Electromagnetic door holder">Electromagnetic door holder</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_exit" title="Emergency exit">Emergency exit</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_light" title="Emergency light">Emergency light</a></li>

<li><a href="Exit_control_lock" title="Exit control lock">Exit control lock</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Security_alarm" title="Security alarm">Security alarms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alarm_device" title="Alarm device">Alarm device</a></li>

<li><a href="Alarm_monitoring_center" title="Alarm monitoring center">Alarm monitoring center</a></li>

<li><a href="Car_alarm" title="Car alarm">Car alarm</a></li>

<li><a href="Card_reader" title="Card reader">Card reader</a></li>

<li><a href="Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">Closed-circuit television</a></li>

<li><a href="Fingerprint_scanner" title="Fingerprint scanner">Fingerprint scanner</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_break_detector" title="Glass break detector">Glass break detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Heat_detector" title="Heat detector">Heat detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_switch" title="Key switch">Key switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Keypad" title="Keypad">Keypad</a></li>

<li><a href="Miniature_snap-action_switch" title="Miniature snap-action switch">Miniature snap-action switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_detector" title="Motion detector">Motion detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupancy_sensor" title="Occupancy sensor">Occupancy sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_infrared_sensor" title="Passive infrared sensor">Passive infrared sensor</a> (PIR)</li>

<li><a href="Perimeter_intrusion_detection" title="Perimeter intrusion detection">Perimeter intrusion detection</a></li>

<li><a href="Photoelectric_sensor" title="Photoelectric sensor">Photoelectric sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Piezo_switch" title="Piezo switch">Piezo switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressure_switch" title="Pressure switch">Pressure switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Proximity_card" title="Proximity card">Proximity card</a></li>

<li><a href="Reed_switch" title="Reed switch">Reed switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripwire" title="Tripwire">Tripwire</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultrasonic_transducer" title="Ultrasonic transducer">Ultrasonic transducer</a></li>

<li><a href="Vandal-resistant_switch" title="Vandal-resistant switch">Vandal-resistant switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_detector" title="Water detector">Water detector</a></li>

<li><a href="Window_security" title="Window security">Window security</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_locksmithing_terms" title="Glossary of locksmithing terms">Glossary of locksmithing terms</a></li>

<li><a href="John_M._Mossman_Lock_Museum" title="John M. Mossman Lock Museum">John M. Mossman Lock Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Lock_Museum" title="Lock Museum">Lock Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Lock_Museum_of_America" title="Lock Museum of America">Lock Museum of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Serrure" title="Musée de la Serrure">Musée de la Serrure</a></li>

<li><a href="Puzzle_lock" title="Puzzle lock">Puzzle lock</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Locksmithing</li>

<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Locks_(security_devices)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Locks (security devices)">Locks</a></b></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Lock_bumping&oldid=1302815363">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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